summer

English Online Dictionary. What means summer‎? What does summer mean?

English

Pronunciation

• (UK) IPA^(key): /ˈsʌmə(ɹ)/
• (General American) enPR: sŭmʹər, IPA^(key): /ˈsʌmɚ/
• (Indic) IPA^(key): /samːa(ɾ)/
• Hyphenation: sum‧mer
• Rhymes: -ʌmə(ɹ)

Etymology 1

From Middle English somer, sumer, from Old English sumor (“summer”), from Proto-West Germanic *sumar, from Proto-Germanic *sumaraz (“summer”), from Proto-Indo-European *sm̥-h₂-ó-, oblique of *semh₂- (“summer, year”).

Cognate with Scots somer, sumer, simer (“summer”), West Frisian simmer (“summer”), Saterland Frisian Suumer (“summer”), Dutch zomer (“summer”), Low German Sommer (“summer”), German Sommer (“summer”), Danish and Norwegian Bokmål sommer (“summer”), Swedish sommar (“summer”), Norwegian Nynorsk and Icelandic sumar (“summer”), Welsh haf (“summer”), Armenian ամ (am, “year”), ամառ (amaṙ, “summer”), Sanskrit समा (sámā, “a half-year, season, weather, year”), Avestan 𐬵𐬀𐬨 (ham-, “summer”), Middle Persian ḥʾmyn (hāmīn, “summer”), Northern Kurdish havîn (“summer”), Central Kurdish ھاوین (hawîn, “summer”).

Alternative forms

• somer (obsolete or eye dialect)
• sommer (obsolete)

Noun

summer (countable and uncountable, plural summers)

2. One of four seasons, traditionally the second, marked by the longest and typically hottest days of the year due to the inclination of the Earth and thermal lag. Typically regarded as spanning the months of June, July, and August in the Northern Hemisphere and the months of December, January and February in the Southern Hemisphere.
3. (poetic or humorous) year; used to give the age of a person, usually a young one.

4. (figuratively) Most flourishing, happy, or beautiful period; golden age, prime.
5. (countable, fashion) Someone with light, pinkish skin that has a blue undertone, light hair and eyes, seen as best suited to certain colors of clothing.

Usage notes

• Note that season names are not capitalized in modern English except where any noun would be capitalized, e.g. at the beginning of a sentence or as part of a name (Old Man Winter, the Winter War, Summer Glau). This is in contrast to the days of the week and months of the year, which are always capitalized (Thursday or September).

Antonyms

• winter

Coordinate terms

• spring, autumn, fall

Derived terms

Translations

Verb

summer (third-person singular simple present summers, present participle summering, simple past and past participle summered)

1. (intransitive) To spend the summer, as in a particular place on holiday.

Derived terms

Translations

See also

• æstival, aestival, estival

Etymology 2

From Middle English somer, from Anglo-Norman summer, sumer, from Vulgar Latin saumārius, for Late Latin sagmārius, from Latin sagma (“sum”). Compare sumpter.

Noun

summer (plural summers)

2. (architecture) A horizontal beam supporting a building.

   Synonyms: summerbeam, summertree
3. (obsolete) A pack-horse.

Derived terms

Translations

Etymology 3

From sum +‎ -er.

Noun

summer (plural summers)

1. A person who sums.
2. A machine or algorithm that sums.

   Synonym: totaller

Derived terms

• summer-up

See also

• adder

Alemannic German

Alternative forms

• Summer, Summerd, sòmmer, ŝchummer, ŝchumer

Etymology

From Old High German sumar, from Proto-Germanic *sumaraz. Cognate with German Sommer, English summer, Dutch zomer, West Frisian simmer, Icelandic sumar.

Noun

summer m

1. (Issime, Formazza) summer

See also

References

• Patuzzi, Umberto, ed., (2013) Luserna / Lusérn: Le nostre parole / Ünsarne börtar / Unsere Wörter [Our Words], Luserna, Italy: Comitato unitario delle isole linguistiche storiche germaniche in Italia / Einheitskomitee der historischen deutschen Sprachinseln in Italien

Bavarian

Alternative forms

• sumar (Timau)
• sumber (Sauris)

Noun

summer

1. (Sappada) summer

References

• Patuzzi, Umberto, ed., (2013) Luserna / Lusérn: Le nostre parole / Ünsarne börtar / Unsere Wörter [Our Words], Luserna, Italy: Comitato unitario delle isole linguistiche storiche germaniche in Italia / Einheitskomitee der historischen deutschen Sprachinseln in Italien

Mòcheno

Etymology

From Middle High German sumer, from Old High German sumar, from Proto-West Germanic *sumar, from Proto-Germanic *sumaraz (“summer”). Cognate with German Sommer, English summer.

Noun

summer m

1. summer

See also

• seasons: jorzaitn: langes · summer · binter · herbest ^[edit]

References

• “summer” in Cimbrian, Ladin, Mòcheno: Getting to know 3 peoples. 2015. Servizio minoranze linguistiche locali della Provincia autonoma di Trento, Trento, Italy.

Norwegian Bokmål

Noun

summer m

1. indefinite plural of sum

Verb

summer

1. present of summe

Old French

Alternative forms

• somier, somer, somiere, sumer

Etymology

From Late Latin saumarius, sagmarius, from Latin sagma.

Noun

summer oblique singular, m (oblique plural summers, nominative singular summers, nominative plural summer)

1. summer (pack horse)
2. summer (beam)

Descendants

• → Middle English: sumer
  • English: summer (“pack horse; horizontal beam”)

References

• summer on the Anglo-Norman On-Line Hub