er - synonyms, antonyms, definitions

er

synonyms, antonyms, definitions, examples & translations of er in English

English Online Dictionary. What means er‎? What does er mean?

English

Pronunciation

enPR: ûr, IPA^(key): /ɜː/
Rhymes: -ɜː(r)
Used in non-rhotic dialects. Compare uh.

Etymology 1

Mimetic (sound of hesitation)

Interjection

(informal) Said when hesitating in speech.
Synonyms: ah, eh, erm, uh, um
- 2019 December 10, Yacht Club Games, "Story" (Mona), in Shovel Knight Showdown (version 4.1), Nintendo Switch:

Verb

er (third-person singular simple present ers, present participle erring, simple past and past participle erred)

(informal, transitive, intransitive) To utter the word er when hesitating in speech.
Synonyms: ah, eh, um; hem and haw

Etymology 2

Noun

er (plural ers)

The name of the Cyrillic script letter Р / р.

Anagrams

're, RE, Re, Ré, r.e., re, re-

Afrikaans

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /æːr/

Noun

er (plural erre or ers, diminutive erretjie)

The name of the Latin-script letter R/r.

Alemannic German

Etymology

From Old High German er, from Proto-Germanic *iz. Cognate with German er.

Pronoun

er m

(personal) he; it

Declension

Bavarian

Alternative forms

ea (phonetic spelling)
a (unstressed form)

Etymology

From Middle High German er, from Old High German er (“he”). Cognate with German er.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /eɐ̯/

Pronoun

Breton

Contraction

Contraction of e ur (“in a(n)”).
Contraction of e ar (“in the”).

Cimbrian

Alternative forms

èar (Sette Comuni)

Etymology

From Middle High German ër, from Old High German er, from Proto-West Germanic *iʀ (“he, it”), from Proto-Germanic *iz (“he, she, it, they”). Cognate with German er.

Pronoun

(Luserna) he, it

Inflection

References

“er” in Cimbrian, Ladin, Mòcheno: Getting to know 3 peoples. 2015. Servizio minoranze linguistiche locali della Provincia autonoma di Trento, Trento, Italy.

Cornish

Etymology 1

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *per- (“in front”). See Welsh er.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [ɛr]

Preposition

for, by, on account of

Derived terms

erbynn (“by, against”)
er kov (“in memory of”)
mos er y bynn (“address”)

Etymology 2

From Old Cornish er, from Proto-Celtic *eriros (“eagle”) (compare Breton erer, Welsh eryr, Old Irish irar), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃érō (“large bird”).

Pronunciation

(Revived Middle Cornish) IPA^(key): [ɛːr]
(Revived Late Cornish) IPA^(key): [eːr]

Noun

er m (plural eryon or eres)

eagle

Alternative forms

Etymology 3

From Middle Cornish er, borrowed from Middle English eir, from Anglo-Norman heir, from Latin hērēs.

Noun

er m (plural erys)

heir

Etymology 4

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “related to arlais? not in GM”)

Noun

er m (dual dewer, plural eryow)

(anatomy) temple

Etymology 5

From Proto-Celtic *sagro-. Cognate with Welsh haer.

Noun

er m

challenge, defiance, stubbornness, insistence, heresy

Etymology 6

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Noun

Soft mutation of ger.

Crimean Tatar

Adjective

every

Czech

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [ˈɛr]

Noun

er n (indeclinable)

The name of the Latin-script letter R/r.

Danish

Etymology

From Old Danish ær, Proto-Germanic *izum, *izud, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁es- (“to be”). The infinitive of the verb (være) is from a different PIE root; the present tense is suppletive.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ɛr/, [ɛɐ̯], [ɛɒ̯̽], but often elided in spontaneous speech.

Verb

present of være

Dutch

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ɛr/, /ər/, /dər/

Etymology 1

Weak form of der, the unstressed form of daar ("there")

Adverb

there (unspecific to distance)
pronominal adverb form of het: it; him, her, them

Usage notes

Er is an unstressed variety of hier and daar, used when it is not needed to emphasize the specific location relative to the speaker.
With a preposition, er is used instead of hem, haar, het, ze to create a pronominal adverb. See also Category:Dutch pronominal adverbs.

Descendants

Petjo: d'r

Etymology 2

From Old Dutch iro, genitive of the personal pronoun (3rd person plural).

Adverb

(partitive pronoun) of them, of those (often not translated in English)
Mijn broer heeft drie kinderen en ik heb er twee.
My brother has three children and I have two. (literally: two of those)

Ik zie er geen meer.
I don't see any more (of them).

Synonyms

ervan

Derived terms

See Category:Dutch pronominal adverbs

Related terms

daar
hier
waar

Anagrams

Faroese

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /eːɹ/

Verb

third-person singular indicative present of vera

Gagauz

Etymology

Ultimately from Proto-Turkic *yẹr. Compare Turkish yer.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /eɾ/

Noun

place, location
the ground
earth

German

Etymology

From Middle High German ër, from Old High German er, from Proto-West Germanic *iʀ, from Proto-Germanic *iz. In northern Middle High German and Old High German there also existed forms with initial h-, namely Middle High German her, Old High German her, from Proto-Germanic *hiz, whence Central Franconian hä and (from the accusative) Luxembourgish hien. Compare English he. The unusual spelling ih- in the forms ihm, ihn is not related to this. It was introduced in early modern German to distinguish these forms from im, in (when *iem, *ien could have been read as *jem, *jen).

Pronunciation

(standard) IPA^(key): /eːr/, [ʔeːɐ̯], [ʔɛɐ̯]

Rhymes: -eːɐ̯
Homophone: Ehr

(colloquially in unstressed position) IPA^(key): /ɐ/

Pronoun

(personal) he.
Wo ist Klaus? Wo ist er? ― Where is Klaus? Where is he?

Dies ist mein Hund. Er heißt Waldi. ― This is my dog. His name is Waldi.
(personal) it (when the grammatical gender of the object/article/thing/animal etc., being referred to, is masculine (der)).
Dort steht ein Baum. Er ist über hundert Jahre alt. ― There stands a tree. It is more than 100 years old.
(personal) she (when the grammatical gender of the noun being referred to and designating a female person, is masculine (der)).
Im Frauengefängnis versuchte ein Häftling zu flüchten, aber er kam nicht weit. ― In the women’s prison, an inmate tried to escape, but she didn’t get very far.
(personal, archaic) Alternative spelling of Er (you (polite))
- (Can we date this quote?), Clemens Brentano, Geschichte vom braven Kasperl und dem schönen Annerl (edited). In: 1835, F. W. Gubitz (editor), Jahrbuch des Nützlichen und Unterhaltenden für 1835, p. 171:

Declension

In contemporary German, the genitive forms of personal pronouns are restricted to formal style and are infrequent even then. They may be used:
- for the genitive object still found in a handful of verbs: Ich erbarmte mich seiner. – "I had mercy on him". (Colloquially one would either use the dative case, or a prepositional object, or replace the verb with another.)
- with certain adjectives or prepositions that govern the genitive, such as statt ("instead of, in place of"): Ich kam statt seiner in die Mannschaft. – I joined the team in his place. (This sounds antiquated, for which reason an seiner Statt or an seiner Stelle is preferable.)
Older forms/spellings include:
- jm (dative; 16th century), jn (accusative; 16th century) – distinguished from im (“in the, into the”) and in (“in, into”)
- ihme (dative)

Derived terms

hatter (hat er; colloquial)

Hunsrik

Alternative forms

ëyer (Wiesemann spelling system)

Etymology

From Old High German er, from Proto-Germanic *iz. Displaced the northern Old High German forms with h-, e.g. hē, her (see he).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈɛɐ/

Pronoun

Inflection

Icelandic

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ɛːr/

Etymology 1

From Old Norse er (“is”, 3rd person singular), analogical leveling of earlier es, from Proto-Germanic *isti, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ésti.

Use with the 1st person singular is also by analogy with other forms in er-; the Old Norse 1st person singular form was em.

Verb

first-person singular indicative present of vera
third-person singular indicative present of vera

Etymology 2

From Old Norse er, from Proto-Germanic *iz (“he”), from Proto-Indo-European *ís (“he, that”).

Pronoun

(relative) which
(archaic) in relations with a demonstrative pronoun (this, that, these) or personal pronoun (I, we, they), which represents the genitive of a relative pronoun

Conjunction

(with an "indexical"; ábendingarorð) of a place, of a time
- Judges 2:19

Derived terms

þá er þegar

References

"er", in Geir T. Zoëga (1910) A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic, Oxford: Clarendon Press

Indonesian

Etymology

From Dutch er.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ɛr/, [ɛr]

Noun

èr

The name of the Latin-script letter R/r.

Synonyms

ar (Standard Malay)

Italian

Alternative forms

'r (after vowels)

Article

er m sg

(Roman) Dialectal form of el, whence modern il

Jamtish

Verb

present indicative of vara

Japanese

Alternative forms

ler(ラー) (-rā)

Etymology

From English -er, forming novel pseudo-Anglicisms.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [a̠ː]

Suffix

er(アー) • (-ā)

(slang) Suffix used for people, especially fans.

Derived terms

Related terms

ist(イスト) (-isuto)

Kembra

Noun

water

Latin

Etymology 1

From Proto-Italic *hēr, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰḗr (“hedgehog”) (whence also Ancient Greek χήρ (khḗr, “hedgehog”)), a root noun from *ǵʰer- (“to be excited, be bristly”), whence also Ancient Greek χοῖρος (khoîros, “young pig”) and Albanian derr (“pig”) from *ǵʰór-yos.

Pronunciation

(Classical Latin) IPA^(key): /eːr/, [eːr]
(modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /er/, [ɛr]

Noun

ēr m (genitive ēris); third declension

hedgehog

Usage notes

There is some uncertainty as to the exact forms of this word, especially regarding whether the lemma form of this was ēr or ēris, as the forms attested in literature could point to either option. Another form, irim (acc. sing.; found in Plautus, Capt. 184), seems to be a spelling variant.

Declension

Third-declension noun.

Related terms

ēricius (“hedgehog; picket”)

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

(Classical Latin) IPA^(key): /er/, [ɛr]
(modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /er/, [ɛr]

Noun

er f (indeclinable)

The name of the letter R.

Usage notes

Multiple Latin names for the letter R, r have been suggested. The most common is er or a syllabic r, although there is some evidence which also supports, as names for the letter, rē, rrr, ər, rə, and even (in the fourth- or fifth-century first Antinoë papyrus, which gives Greek transliterations of the Latin names of the Roman alphabet’s letters) ιρρε (irre).

Descendants

Coordinate terms

(Latin-script letter names) littera; ā, bē, cē, dē, ē, ef, gē, hā / *acca, ī, kā, el, em, en, ō, pē, kū, er, es, tē, ū, ix / īx / ex, ȳ / ī graeca / ȳpsīlon, zēta

References

Latvian

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [ɛɾ]

Noun

er m (invariable)

The Latvian name of the Latin script letter R/r.

Low German

Pronoun

Alternative spelling of ehr

Lower Sorbian

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ɛr/

Noun

er m inan

The name of the Latin-script letter r/R.

Malay

Etymology

Possibly borrowed from English er or is a pronunciation spelling of a in non-rhotic Malay accents.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [ə]

Interjection

Used to express hesitation; er, uh.
Synonym: a

Mambae

Noun

water

References

Mambai Language Manual: Ainaro Dialect (2001)

Mandarin

Romanization

Nonstandard spelling of ēr.
Nonstandard spelling of ér.
Nonstandard spelling of ěr.
Nonstandard spelling of èr.

Usage notes

Transcriptions of Mandarin into the Latin script often do not distinguish between the critical tonal differences employed in the Mandarin language, using words such as this one without indication of tone.

Manx

Etymology

From a conflation of three Old Irish prepositions:

ar, air (“for”) (triggering lenition), from Proto-Celtic *ɸare (“in front of”), from Proto-Indo-European *pr̥h₂i. Cognates include Ancient Greek παρά (pará, “beside”) and English fore.
for (“on”) (triggering no mutation), from Proto-Celtic *uɸer (“over, on”) (compare Welsh ar, Breton war), from Proto-Indo-European *upér (compare Latin super, Ancient Greek ὑπέρ (hupér), Old English ofer).
íar (“after”) (triggering eclipsis), from Proto-Celtic *eɸirom (“after, behind”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁epi.

Cognates include Irish ar and Scottish Gaelic air.

Preposition

on
onto
during
for

Inflection

Pronoun

third-person singular of er
on him/it

Derived terms

ersyn (emphatic)

Middle Dutch

Adverb

unstressed form of dāer

Middle English

Etymology 1

From Old English ǣr, from Proto-West Germanic *airi, from Proto-Germanic *airi.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ɛːr/

Adverb

early
earlier
formerly
rather

Derived terms

erly

Descendants

English: ere
Scots: air
Yola: ear

References

“ēr, adv.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 2020-05-25.

Etymology 2

Determiner

Alternative form of hire (“her”, genitive)

Pronoun

Alternative form of hire (“hers”)

Etymology 3

Pronoun

Alternative form of hire (“her”, object)

Etymology 4

Noun

Alternative form of eere (“ear of grain”)

Etymology 5

Determiner

Alternative form of here (“their”)

Middle High German

Etymology

Inherited from Old High German er, from Proto-Germanic *iz (“he”).

Pronoun

ër

(personal) he

Inflection

Descendants

Alemannic German:
Low Alemannic:
Alsatian: ar, er, ër

Badisch: er

High Alemannic: er, är
Bernese: är

Lucerne: aer

Northeastern: ar

Walser: är
Swabian: er, ear
Swabian Jura: ear
Bavarian: er
- Cimbrian: èar, er, ar
- Mòcheno: er
Central Franconian:
Moselle Franconian: er
- Hunsrik: er, ëyer (Wiesemann spelling system)
East Central German:
High Prussian: er

Silesian East Central German:
Lower Silesian East Central German: a

Upper Silesian East Central German: a

North Moravian: ar

Thuringian: er
Central Thuringian: er

West Thuringian: aa

Upper Saxon German: är
Meißnisch: är

Osterländisch: är

Erzgebirgisch: aorr

Lusatian: ar
German: er
Berlinerisch: er/ea
East Franconian: er, ea
Unterfränkisch: ar

Hohenlohisch: er
Rhine Franconian:
Upper Hessian: er

Lorraine Franconian: ér, éa

Palatine German: er
- Pennsylvania German: er
Yiddish: ער (er)

References

Benecke, Georg Friedrich, Müller, Wilhelm, Zarncke, Friedrich (1863) “ër”, in Mittelhochdeutsches Wörterbuch: mit Benutzung des Nachlasses von Benecke, Stuttgart: S. Hirzel

Mòcheno

Etymology

From Middle High German ër, from Old High German er, from Proto-West Germanic *iʀ (“he, it”), from Proto-Germanic *iz (“he, she, it, they”). Cognate with German er.

Pronoun

he, it

Inflection

References

“er” in Cimbrian, Ladin, Mòcheno: Getting to know 3 peoples. 2015. Servizio minoranze linguistiche locali della Provincia autonoma di Trento, Trento, Italy.

Norwegian Bokmål

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /eːɾ/, [æːɾ]

Verb

present of være (=to be)
Han er ikke hjem. ― He is not home.

Norwegian Nynorsk

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /æː(r)/, /eː(r)/

Verb

is, are, am (present of to be) present of vera
Eg er framand. ― I am a stranger.
(auxiliary) be
Boka er skriven. ― The book is written

Bøkene er skrivne. ― The books are written.

References

“vera” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.
“er på engelsk”, in DinOrdbok, Nynorsk-engelsk oversettelse, 2018 October 15 (last accessed)

Old Dutch

Etymology

From Proto-West Germanic *airi, from Proto-Germanic *airiz.

Preposition

ēr

before, earlier than

Descendants

Middle Dutch: êer
- Dutch: eer
  - Afrikaans: eer
- Limburgish: ieër

Conjunction

ēr

ere, afore

Descendants

Middle Dutch: êer
- Dutch: eer
  - Afrikaans: eer
- Limburgish: ieër

Adverb

ēr

previously, in an earlier period, in a bygone time
earlier, before a certain time or period

Descendants

Middle Dutch: êer

Old Frisian

Etymology 1

From Proto-West Germanic *airi, from Proto-Germanic *airiz. Cognates include Old English ǣr, Old Saxon ēr and Old Dutch ēr.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈeːr/, [ˈɛːr]

Adverb

ēr

earlier, previously

Preposition

ēr (+ dative)

before (of time)

Descendants

Saterland Frisian: eer
West Frisian: ear't

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈeːr/, [ˈɛːr]

Noun

ēr f

Alternative form of ēre

References

Bremmer, Rolf H. (2009) An Introduction to Old Frisian: History, Grammar, Reader, Glossary, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, →ISBN

Old High German

Etymology 1

From Proto-West Germanic *airi, from Proto-Germanic *airiz, whence also Old English ær.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /eːr/

Adjective

ēr

early

Adverb

ēr

ere, before
formerly

Conjunction

ēr

before, until

Preposition

ēr (+ dative)

before

Etymology 2

From Proto-Germanic *aiz, akin to Old English ār, Old Norse eir.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /eːr/

Noun

ēr n

ore
brass

Descendants

Middle High German: er
- Alemannic German: Eer
  - ⇒ Alemannic German: eerig
⇒ Old High German: ērīn
- Middle High German: ērīn
  - German: ehern

Etymology 3

From Proto-Germanic *iz (“he”), akin to Gothic 𐌹𐍃 (is, “he”), Latin is (“he”).

Alternative forms

her (northern)

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /er/

Pronoun

he
- c. 825, Tatian, Diatessaron, translation, Chapter 13, verse 20.

Inflection

Descendants

Middle High German: ër (see there for further descendants)

References

Joseph Wright, An Old High German Primer

Old Norse

Alternative forms

es, -'s

Etymology 1

From earlier es, from Proto-Germanic *iz (“he; 3rd person personal pronoun”). Cognate with Gothic 𐌹𐍃 (is), Old High German ēr (German er).

Pronoun

who, which, that
- verse 76 of the Hávamál (1996 translation by Carolyne Larrington)

Conjunction

where
when

Descendants

Icelandic: er
Faroese: er
Old Swedish: ær

Usage notes

The oldest Icelandic manuscripts from the 12th century still have the older form es, and many poems metrically require the contracted form -s (which is also sporadically present in later manuscripts like the late 13th century Codex Regius). In spite of this, most editors chose never to restore er to es, Finnur Jónsson and the editors of the Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages series being important exceptions.

Etymology 2

From earlier es, from Proto-Norse ᛁᛊᛏ (ist), from Proto-Germanic *isti, first/third-person singular indicative present of *wesaną. The final -s was replaced by -r due to analogy to the plural forms of the verb.

Verb

third-person singular indicative present of vera

Usage notes

See above; the same rules apply.

Descendants

Icelandic: er
Faroese: er
Norwegian:
- Norwegian Bokmål: er
- Norwegian Nynorsk: er
Jamtish: er
Elfdalian: ir
Old Swedish: ær
- Swedish: är
Danish: er
Old Gutnish: ier

References

"er", in Geir T. Zoëga (1910) A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic, Oxford: Clarendon Press

Old Prussian

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂er-/*h₂r̥-. Cognate with Lithuanian ar̃ (“also, if”), Latvian ar (“also”), Ancient Greek ἄρ (ár, “hence, as well as”).

Preposition

er + (optionally another preposition)

until, to, up to

Derived terms

ergi

Particle

as well as

References

Mažiulis, Vytautas (1988) “er”, in Prūsų kalbos etimologijos žodynas [Etymological dictionary of Old Prussian]‎^[3] (in Lithuanian), volume 1, Vilnius: Mokslas, pages 282-283

Old Saxon

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ɛːr/

Etymology 1

From Proto-West Germanic *airi, whence also Old English ær.

Adjective

ēr

early

Declension

Adverb

ēr

before, ere
formerly

Conjunction

ēr

before

Preposition

ēr (+ dative)

before

Etymology 2

From Proto-Germanic *aiz, whence also Old English ār.

Noun

ēr ?

copper, bronze
ore

Descendants

Middle Low German: ēr

Etymology 3

From Proto-Germanic *airuz. Cognate with Old English ār, Old Norse árr, Gothic 𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌿𐍃 (airus).

Noun

ēr m

messenger, herald

Old Tupi

Etymology

Back-formation from era (“name”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈɛɾ/
Rhymes: -ɛɾ
Hyphenation: er

Adjective

er (IIa class pluriform, R1 rer, R2 ser, noun form era)

named; having a name

Derived terms

seryba'e

References

Palauan

Preposition

Used to indicate a specific object noun phrase.
el mo er a medad ― in the future.

er a elecha el tutau ― this morning.

rakket er a tenis ― tennis racket.

References

er in Palauan Language Online: Palauan-English Dictionary, at tekinged.com.
er in Palauan-English Dictionary, at trussel2.com.
er in Lewis S. Josephs, Edwin G. McManus, Masa-aki Emesiochel (1977) Palauan-English Dictionary, University Press of Hawaii, →ISBN, page 88.

Pennsylvania German

Etymology

Compare German er.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ɛɐ̯/

Pronoun

Declension

Polabian

Etymology

Borrowed from Middle Low German ere / eren / here.

Noun

er m ?

master, gentleman

Adverb

Alternative form of ar

References

Polański, Kazimierz (1971) “er”, in Słownik etymologiczny języka Drzewian połabskich [Etymological Dictionary of the Polabian Drevani Language] (in Polish), number 2 (ďüzd – ľotü), Wrocław, Warszawa etc.: Ossolineum, page 145
Polański, Kazimierz, James Allen Sehnert (1967) “er”, in Polabian-English Dictionary, The Hague, Paris: Mouton & Co, page 60
Olesch, Reinhold (1962) “Herr”, in Thesaurus Linguae Dravaenopolabicae [Thesaurus of the Drevani language] (in German), volumes 1: A – O, Cologne, Vienna: Böhlau Verlag, →ISBN, page 237

Polish

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈɛr/
Rhymes: -ɛr
Syllabification: er

Noun

er f

genitive plural of era

Salar

Etymology 1

From Old Turkic erür.

Noun

is, are

Etymology 2

From Proto-Turkic *ēr. Cognate to Azerbaijani ər, Turkish er, Turkmen är.

Noun

Etymology 3

From Proto-Turkic *ẹ̄r. Cognate to Turkish er, Turkmen īr.

Adjective

(Dialectal, Mengda, Ejia) early

Adverb

morning
long time ago

Derived terms

ergi
ette
er-geş (“morning and evening”)

References

Tenishev, Edhem (1976) “eř, er”, in Stroj salárskovo jazyká [Grammar of Salar], Moscow, page 326
马伟 [Ma Wei], 朝克 [Chao Ke] (2014) “er”, in 撒拉语366条会话读本 [Salar 366 Conversation Reader]‎^[4], 1^st edition, 社会科学文献出版社 [Social Science Literature Press], →ISBN, page 105
马伟 (Ma Wei), 朝克 (Chao Ke) (2016) “er, erğine”, in 濒危语言——撒拉语研究 [Endangered Languages - Salar Language Studies], 青海 (Qinghai): 国家社会科学基金项目 (National Social Science Foundation Project), pages 108, 262
林莲云 [Lin Lianyun] (1985) “er”, in 撒拉语简志 [A Brief History of Salar]‎^[5], Beijing: 民族出版社: 琴書店, →OCLC, pages 33, 134
Ma, Chengjun, Han, Lianye, Ma, Weisheng (December 2010) “er”, in 米娜瓦尔艾比布拉 (Minavar Abibra), editor, 撒维汉词典 (Sāwéihàncídiǎn) [Salar-Uyghur-Chinese dictionary] (in Chinese), 1st edition, Beijing, →ISBN, page 103

Saterland Frisian

Etymology

From Old Frisian -er, from Proto-West Germanic *iʀ. Cognates include West Frisian er and German er.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ər/

Pronoun

unstressed form of hie (“he”)

References

Marron C. Fort (2015) “er”, in Saterfriesisches Wörterbuch mit einer phonologischen und grammatischen Übersicht, Buske, →ISBN

Scots

Etymology 1

Verb

(Southern Scots) Second-person simple present form of ti be
(Southern Scots) Plural simple present form of ti be
(Southern Scots) First-person singular simple present form of an obscure form of ti be

Usage notes

Used emphatically. See ir.

Etymology 2

Noun

er (plural ers)

Shetland form of air (“beach”)

References

“er, n.⁴”, in The Dictionary of the Scots Language, Edinburgh: Scottish Language Dictionaries, 2004–present, →OCLC.

Swedish

Etymology

Contraction of earlier eder, from Old Swedish iþer, idher, from Old Norse iðʀ, from Proto-Germanic *izwiz, dative/accusative of *jūz, from Proto-Indo-European *yū́.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /eːr/

Pronoun

er c (neuter possessive only ert, plural era)

you (plural, object)
Synonym: (formal, archaic) eder
(possessive) your, yours; (speaking to more than one person, about one object)
Synonyms: (informal) eran, (formal, archaic) eder
(reflexive pronoun) reflexive of ni; compare yourselves

Usage notes

See ni for a note on its use as a courteous 2nd person singular.
Even though er (2) and its archaic form eder is the possessive pronoun, it does have a genitive form ers and eders, which is only used in expressions like Ers Majestät (“Your Majesty”) and Ers Höghet (“Your Highness”).

Declension

Anagrams

-re, re-

Turkish

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ɛɾ/, [æɾ]
Rhymes: -æɾ

Etymology 1

Inherited from Ottoman Turkish ایر, ار, from Proto-Turkic *ẹ̄r (“early”). Related to Old Turkic 𐰼 (er).

Adverb

(dialectal) early
Synonym: erken

Usage notes

Also found in widespread non-dialectal use in phrases such as er ya da geç ("sooner or later")

Etymology 2

Inherited from Ottoman Turkish ار, from Proto-Turkic *ēr (“man”). Related to noun-forming suffix -er and Old Turkic 𐰼 (er).

Noun

er (definite accusative eri, plural erler)

brave
man, male
noble
conscript, private (soldier of the lowest rank of the army)
tribesman
warrior

Declension

Derived terms

Etymology 3

Verb

second-person singular imperative of ermek

Uzbek

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *ēr.

Noun

er (plural erlar)

man
Synonym: erkak
husband
Synonym: zavj

Antonym: xotin

Derived terms

er-xotin

Welsh

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ɛr/

Etymology 1

From Middle Welsh yr, from Proto-Brythonic *er, from Proto-Celtic *ɸeri, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *per- (“in front”). Compare Cornish er (“for, by”), Ancient Greek περί (perí, “about, peri-”), Latin per (“through”).

Conjunction

although

Preposition

er (triggers soft mutation)

(literary) since
Synonym: ers
(archaic) in spite of, despite
Synonym: er gwaethaf
(archaic) in order to
Synonyms: er mwyn, i
(archaic) for the sake of
Synonym: er mwyn
(obsolete) because of
Synonyms: achos, o achos, oherwydd, oblegid
(obsolete) for, in exchange for
Synonym: am
(obsolete) resulting in
(obsolete) through
Synonyms: trwy, drwy

Usage notes

In very formal or literary language, er is used when a specific start time is mentioned.

Ers is used when the beginning of the time period is not mentioned.

In less formal registers, ers is used in all instances.

Derived terms

er mwyn (“for the sake of; in order to”)
er gwaethaf (“despite”)
ers (“since”)

Inflection

Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Noun

er f (plural eriau)

The name of the Latin-script letter R/r.

Mutation

References

West Frisian

Pronoun

clitic form of hy used before the object or after the verb.

er

er

English

Pronunciation

Etymology 1

Interjection

Verb

Etymology 2

Noun

Anagrams

Afrikaans

Pronunciation

Noun

Alemannic German

Etymology

Pronoun

Declension

Bavarian

Alternative forms

Etymology

Pronunciation

Pronoun

See also

Breton

Contraction

Cimbrian

Alternative forms

Etymology

Pronoun

Inflection

References

Cornish

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

Preposition

Derived terms

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

Noun

Alternative forms

Etymology 3

Noun

Etymology 4

Noun

Etymology 5

Noun

Etymology 6

Noun

Crimean Tatar

Adjective

Czech

Pronunciation

Noun

Further reading

Danish

Etymology

Pronunciation

Verb

Dutch

Pronunciation

Etymology 1

Adverb

Usage notes

Descendants

Etymology 2

Adverb

Synonyms

Derived terms

Related terms

See also

Anagrams

Faroese

Pronunciation

Verb

Gagauz

Etymology

Pronunciation

Noun

German

Etymology