co

English Online Dictionary. What means co‎? What does co mean?

Translingual

Symbol

co

1. (international standards) ISO 639-1 language code for Corsican.

See also

• Wiktionary’s coverage of Corsican terms

English

Pronunciation

• (Received Pronunciation) enPR: kō, IPA^(key): /kəʊ/
• (General American) enPR: kō, IPA^(key): /koʊ/
• Rhymes: -oʊ

Etymology 1

Noun

co (plural cos)

1. (colloquial) Clipping of company.
2. (Stenoscript) Abbreviation of company and related forms of that word.

Alternative forms

• co., Co, Co.

Derived terms

• newco
• yield co

Etymology 2

Coined by feminist writer Mary Orovan in 1970; in common usage in intentional communities of the Federation of Egalitarian Communities.

Pronoun

co (third-person singular, gender-neutral, reflexive coself)

1. (nonstandard) Gender-neutral subject pronoun, coordinate with gendered pronouns he and she.
2. (nonstandard) Gender-neutral object pronoun, coordinate with gendered pronouns him and her.

Derived terms

• cos
• coself

References

See also

• co-wash (etymologically unrelated)

Anagrams

• Oc, O. C., oc, Oc., O.C., OC

Czech

Etymology

Inherited from Old Czech čso, from Proto-Slavic *čьto, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷid, *kʷís.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈt͡so]

Pronoun

co n

1. what

   Co se děje? ― What's up?

   Co se stalo? ― What happened?

Declension

Conjunction

co

1. that

   Od té doby, co jsme spolu… ― Since we’ve been together… (literally, “Since the time that we’ve been together…”)

2. what

   Ví, co chce. ― He knows what he wants.

Particle

co

1. (indeclinable) isn't it so, don't you think?

   To je pěkné, co? ― That’s nice, isn’t it?

Derived terms

See also

• kdo
• kdy
• kde

Further reading

• “co”, in Příruční slovník jazyka českého (in Czech), 1935–1957
• “co”, in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého (in Czech), 1960–1971, 1989
• “co”, in Internetová jazyková příručka (in Czech), 2008–2025

Dalmatian

Etymology

From Latin quod.

Pronoun

co

1. what

Dumbea

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /soː/

Noun

co

1. water

References

• Leenhardt, M. (1946) Langues et dialectes de l'Austro-Mèlanèsie. Cited in: "ⁿDuᵐbea" in Greenhill, S.J., Blust, R., & Gray, R.D. (2008). The Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database: From Bioinformatics to Lexomics. Evolutionary Bioinformatics, 4:271–283.
• Shintani, T.L.A. & Païta, Y. (1990) Dictionnaire de la langue de Païta, Nouméa: Sociéte d'etudes historiques de Nouvelle-Calédonie. Cited in: "Drubea" in Greenhill, S.J., Blust, R., & Gray, R.D. (2008). The Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database: From Bioinformatics to Lexomics. Evolutionary Bioinformatics, 4:271–283.

Esperanto

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /t͡so/
• Rhymes: -o
• Hyphenation: co

Noun

co (accusative singular co-on, plural co-oj, accusative plural co-ojn)

1. The name of the Latin-script letter C/c.

See also

• (Latin-script letter names) litero; a, bo, co, ĉo, do, e, fo, go, ĝo, ho, ĥo, i, jo, ĵo, ko, lo, mo, no, o, po, ro, so, ŝo, to, u, ŭo, vo, zo

Fijian

Noun

co

1. grass

Gagauz

Conjunction

co

1. Obsolete spelling of ko.

Further reading

• Ciachir, Mihail (1938) “co”, in Dicționar gagauzo (tiurco)–român pentru gagauzii din Basarabia (in Romanian), Chișinău, page 34

Galician

Etymology

From contraction of preposition con (“with”) + masculine definite article o (“the”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈkoː/

Contraction

co m (feminine coa, masculine plural cos, feminine plural coas)

1. with the

Gallo

Etymology

From Old French coc.

Noun

co m

1. rooster, cockerel, cock

Ido

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /t͡so/

Pronoun

co (plural ci)

1. Alternative form of ico (“this”)

Kashubian

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *čьto.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈt͡sɔ/
• Rhymes: -ɔ
• Syllabification: co

Pronoun

co

1. interrogative pronoun; what?
2. relative pronoun; that what..., which, that

Declension

Further reading

• Stefan Ramułt (1893) “co”, in Słownik języka pomorskiego czyli kaszubskiego (in Kashubian), page 18
• Eùgeniusz Gòłąbk (2011) “co”, in Słownik Polsko-Kaszubski / Słowôrz Pòlskò-Kaszëbsczi‎^[5]
• “co”, in Internetowi Słowôrz Kaszëbsczégò Jãzëka [Internet Dictionary of the Kashubian Language], Fundacja Kaszuby, 2022

Khumi Chin

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /so˥/

Noun

co

1. Northern Khumi form of caw

References

• D. A. Peterson (2013) “Aesthetic aspects of Khumi grammar”, in The Aesthetics of Grammar, Cambridge University Press, page 220

Ladin

Conjunction

co

1. than (used in comparisons)

Adverb

co

1. how (in what manner)
2. how (in what state)

Derived terms

• coche

Lower Sorbian

Alternative forms

• zo (obsolete)

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /t͡sɔ/

Etymology 1

From Proto-Slavic *čьto, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷid, *kʷís.

Pronoun

co

1. what (interrogative)

Declension

Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Verb

co

1. third-person singular present of kśěś

Further reading

• Muka, Arnošt (1921, 1928) “co”, in Słownik dolnoserbskeje rěcy a jeje narěcow (in German), St. Petersburg, Prague: ОРЯС РАН, ČAVU; Reprinted Bautzen: Domowina-Verlag, 2008
• Starosta, Manfred (1999) “co”, in Dolnoserbsko-nimski słownik / Niedersorbisch-deutsches Wörterbuch (in German), Bautzen: Domowina-Verlag

Macanese

Alternative forms

• cô

Etymology

From Portuguese com.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /kɔ/

Preposition

co

1. with

   nhonha co fula ― the girl with the flower

2. to, at

   Já gritâ co iou ― He shouted at me

Conjunction

co

1. and

   iou co vôs ― me and you

Usage notes

• co is not very commonly used to connect two clauses. More often, related clauses are simply listed one after the other with no connectives, or connected with pronouns such as qui or quelóra.

Middle Irish

Alternative forms

• go

Etymology

From Old Irish co, from Proto-Celtic *kʷos.

Preposition

co (takes the accusative; triggers h-prothesis before vowels)

1. to, toward

Inflection

Forms combined with an object pronoun

• 1st person singular: chucum, chucom, cucom, cugam
  • emphatic: chucumsa, chucomso, cucomsa, cugamsa
• 2nd person singular: chucut
  • emphatic: chucutsu
• 3rd person singular masculine: chuc(a)i, cuc(a)i, chu(i)ce, cuce
  • emphatic: c(h)ucisium
• 3rd person singular feminine: chu(i)cci
• 1st person plural: cucain(n), chucaind, chucund, cucund
  • emphatic: cucainni, cucainne
• 3rd person plural: c(h)ucu, chucco, cuco, c(h)uca), c(h)uctu, chucta

Forms combined with the definite article:

• cos(s)in, cus(s)in(d) (masculine/feminine singular)
• cos(s)a (neuter singular)
• cusna (plural)

Forms combined with the relative particle:

• cos(s)a

Forms combined with a possessive determiner:

• 1st person singular: com
• 2nd person singular: cot
• 3rd person: co a, ca

Descendants

• Irish: chuig, chun, go
• Scottish Gaelic: gu

Further reading

• Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “1 co “to, towards””, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

Norman

Etymology 1

From Old French colp, coup, from Vulgar Latin *colpus, from Classical Latin colaphus (“blow with the fist; cuff”), from Ancient Greek κόλαφος (kólaphos, “blow, slap”).

Noun

co m (plural cos)

1. (Jersey) blow

Alternative forms

• coup

Derived terms

Etymology 2

From Old French coq, coc.

Noun

co m (plural cos)

1. (Jersey) cockerel

Derived terms

• co journieaux

Etymology 3

From Old French col, from Latin collum (“neck”).

Noun

co m (plural cos)

1. (Jersey, Guernsey, Normandy, anatomy) neck

Alternative forms

• ko (Sark)

Northern Kurdish

Alternative forms

• cihok

Etymology

Compare Persian جوی (juy) or Persian جو (ju).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /d͡ʒoː/

Noun

co m

1. ditch, trench, channel, canal, duct, fosse, aqueduct, sluice

Derived terms

• cobar

Old Irish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ko]

Etymology 1

From Proto-Celtic *kom, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱóm (“next to, at, with, along”). Cognate with German ge- (“with”) (collective prefix) and gegen (“toward, against”), English gain-, Spanish con (“with”).

Preposition

co (takes the dative, triggers nasalization) (abbreviated ɔ)

1. with

For quotations using this term, see Citations:co.

Inflection

Forms combined with the definite article:

• cosind (dative singular)
• cosnaib (dative plural)

Combinations with possessive determiners:

• com (1st person singular)
• cut, cot (2nd person singular)
• cona (3rd person singular)

Synonyms

• la

Descendants

• Middle Irish: co

Further reading

• Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “2 co “with””, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

Etymology 2

From Proto-Indo-European *kʷóbʰi or *kʷódʰi.

Adverb

co

1. how?

Usage notes

The adverb is followed by the dependent form of the verb, which is neither nasalized nor lenited.

Derived terms

• cote

Further reading

• Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “4 co “how?””, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

Etymology 3

From Proto-Celtic *kʷuts (“to, towards”), cognate with Middle Welsh py (“to”). This may be from Proto-Italo-Celtic *kuts ‘some (of the) way’, whence Latin us-quam (“somewhere”), us-que (“all of the way”), and Oscan 𐌐𐌖𐌆 (puz, “as, that”, conjunction). See Proto-Indo-European *kú (“where”).

The inflected forms on the other hand are from Proto-Celtic *kʷunkʷe ← *kʷum +‎ *-kʷe, for which compare Proto-Slavic *kъ(n) (“to, towards”).

Preposition

co (takes the accusative; triggers h-prothesis before vowels)

1. to, toward
2. up to, until
3. used with the neuter accusative singular of an adjective to form an adverb: -ly

For quotations using this term, see Citations:co.

Inflection

Forms combined with the definite article:

• cos(s)in (masculine/feminine singular)
• cos(s)a (neuter singular)
• cosna (plural)

Forms combined with the relative particle:

• cos(s)a

Derived terms

• cosse

Descendants

• Middle Irish: co, go
  • Irish: chuig, chun, go
  • Scottish Gaelic: gu

Conjunction

co (triggers nasalization, followed by the prototonic or conjunct form of a verb, may be followed by an infixed pronoun) (abbreviated ɔ)

1. until
2. so that

For quotations using this term, see Citations:co.

Usage notes

A leniting co that takes absolute and deuterotonic forms is also attested in the glosses only.

Alternative forms

• con

Synonyms

• ara

Derived terms

• coní (“so that…not”) (corresponding to the nasalizing conjunction)
• conna (“so that…not”) (corresponding to the leniting conjunction)

Descendants

• Irish: go
• Scottish Gaelic: gu
• Manx: dy

Further reading

• Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “1 co “to, towards””, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
• Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “3 co “until, so that””, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
• Thurneysen, Rudolf (1940) D. A. Binchy and Osborn Bergin, transl., A Grammar of Old Irish, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, →ISBN, §§ 433, 829, 896–97; reprinted 2017
• Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*kʷo-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 180

References

Old Polish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): (10^th–15^th CE) /t͡sɔ/
• IPA^(key): (15^th CE) /t͡sɔ/

Pronoun

co n

1. Alternative form of czso

Conjunction

co

1. Alternative form of czso

Particle

co

1. Alternative form of czso

Polish

Etymology

Inherited from Old Polish czso.

Pronunciation

• Rhymes: -ɔ
• Syllabification: co
• Homophone: co-

Pronoun

co n

1. interrogative pronoun; what

2. pronoun for introducing a subordinate clause that narrows the scope of the main clause; which, that; what; who

3. pronoun that attaches a relative clause to the main clause; which, that; what; who

4. (colloquial) relative pronoun

5. (colloquial) why

Declension

Derived terms

Related terms

Trivia

According to Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej (1990), co is one of the most used words in Polish, appearing 207 times in scientific texts, 81 times in news, 219 times in essays, 465 times in fiction, and 1252 times in plays, each out of a corpus of 100,000 words, totaling 2224 times, making it the 19th most common word in a corpus of 500,000 words.

Preposition

co

1. every (referring to frequency)

   co drugi dzień ― every other day

   co miesiąc ― every month

   co rok ― every year, annually

Derived terms

Related terms

Trivia

According to Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej (1990), co is one of the most used words in Polish, appearing 8 times in scientific texts, 10 times in news, 10 times in essays, 33 times in fiction, and 16 times in plays, each out of a corpus of 100,000 words, totaling 77 times, making it the 836th most common word in a corpus of 500,000 words.

Conjunction

co

1. as

2. (Kuyavia) Synonym of że

Trivia

According to Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej (1990), co is one of the most used words in Polish, appearing 14 times in scientific texts, 4 times in news, 10 times in essays, 33 times in fiction, and 73 times in plays, each out of a corpus of 100,000 words, totaling 134 times, making it the 450th most common word in a corpus of 500,000 words.

Particle

co

1. used as a tag question, to emphasise what goes before or to request that the listener express an opinion about what has been said

Trivia

According to Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej (1990), co is one of the most used words in Polish, appearing 207 times in scientific texts, 81 times in news, 219 times in essays, 465 times in fiction, and 1252 times in plays, each out of a corpus of 100,000 words, totaling 2224 times, making it the 19th most common word in a corpus of 500,000 words.

References

Further reading

• co in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
• co in Polish dictionaries at PWN
• Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “co”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]
• “CO I”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century], 21.05.2019
• “CO II”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century], 07.05.2010
• “CO III”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century], 11.04.2018
• Samuel Bogumił Linde (1807–1814) “co”, in Słownik języka polskiego
• Aleksander Zdanowicz (1861) “co”, in Słownik języka polskiego, Wilno 1861
• J. Karłowicz, A. Kryński, W. Niedźwiedzki, editors (1900), “co”, in Słownik języka polskiego (in Polish), volume 1, Warsaw, page 345
• Józef Bliziński (1860) “co”, in Abecadłowy spis wyrazów języka ludowego w Kujawach i Galicyi Zachodniej (in Polish), Warszawa, page 621
• Oskar Kolberg (1867) “co”, in Dzieła wszystkie: Kujawy (in Polish), page 269

Romansch

Alternative forms

• che (Rumantsch Grischun, Sursilvan)
• ca (Sutsilvan)
• tgi (Surmiran)
• cu (Puter)

Etymology

From Latin quam or quod.

Conjunction

co

1. (Vallader) than

Silesian

Etymology

Inherited from Old Polish czso.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈt͡sɔ/
• Rhymes: -ɔ
• Syllabification: co

Pronoun

co n

1. (interrogative) what

   Coś kupiōł? ― What did you buy?

2. (relative) that

   Te zoki, coch ci je bez zimã kupiyła. ― Those socks that I bought you in winter.

3. (interrogative) why, what for

   Co ty mi sie sam po chałupie smykŏsz? ― What are you having a stroll around my house for?

Declension

Conjunction

co

1. (proscribed) coordinating conjunction; that

   Synonym: (prescribed) że

Preposition

co

1. every (referring to frequency)

Further reading

• co in silling.org

Spanish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈko/ [ˈko]
• Rhymes: -o
• Syllabification: co

Noun

co m (plural cos)

1. (Aragon, colloquial) dude, friend

Related terms

Pronoun

co

1. Misspelling of có.

Venetan

Alternative forms

• con

Etymology

From Latin cum. Compare Italian con.

Preposition

co

1. with, together

See also

• có

Vietnamese

Pronunciation

• (Hà Nội) IPA^(key): [kɔ˧˧]
• (Huế) IPA^(key): [kɔ˧˧]
• (Saigon) IPA^(key): [kɔ˧˧]

Verb

co

1. to shrink (to become smaller)

   Antonym: phồng

See also

West Makian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /t͡ʃo/

Verb

co

1. (transitive) to see

Conjugation

Alternative forms

• coo, cio

References

• Clemens Voorhoeve (1982) The Makian languages and their neighbours‎^[6], Pacific linguistics

Wutunhua

Etymology

From Tibetan མཚོ (mtsho).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [t͡sʰo]

Noun

co

1. lake

References

• Juha Janhunen, Marja Peltomaa, Erika Sandman, Xiawu Dongzhou (2008) Wutun (LINCOM's Descriptive Grammar Series), volume 466, LINCOM Europa, →ISBN

Yola

Alternative forms

• quo

Etymology

From Middle English quethen, from Old English cweþan, from Proto-West Germanic *kweþan.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /kɔː/, /kwɔː/

Verb

co

1. quoth, saith

References